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Phytonutrients are the biologically active agents derived from natural sources such as vegetables, fruits, grains, cereals, and medicinal plants, and present the ability to boost the immune system of patients with metabolic disease and also enhance the conditions by the management of lipid profiles, insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis, and chemopreventive events in case of cancer disease. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are the prime factors that induce insulin resistance to signaling pathways and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic diseases are devastating abnormalities that address human lives toward death if they are not correctly managed. In summary, although butyrate exhibits a wide variety of biological activities in different pathways including energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, neural signaling, and epigenetic modulation in experimental settings, it remains unclear whether these findings are clinically relevant and whether the molecular pathways are activated by butyrate in humans. In this article we review evidence supporting a potentially therapeutic role for butyrate in CVD and the mechanisms and pathways involved in the cardio-protective effects of butyrate from the gut and circulation to the nervous system. Butyrate exhibits a broad range of pharmacological activities, including microbiome modulator, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, metabolic pathways regulator, anti-angiogenesis, and antioxidant. However, researchers have discovered that butyrate could enter to portal vein and interact with various organs. Butyrate, a bacterial metabolite, is synthesized in the gut and performs most of its functions in there. Recently, new roles for intestinal microbiota in pathology and treatment of CVD have been proposed. Diabetes could be a predisposing factor for the development of SIBO, especially among patients diagnosed by jejunal aspirate culture or those in Western populations.Ĭardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major causes of death worldwide. Twenty-nine percent of diabetic patients tested positive for SIBO, and the risk of SIBO in diabetic patients was 2.91 times higher than that in patients without diabetes. The prevalence of SIBO in diabetes was higher in studies conducted in Western countries (35%, 95% CI 21-49%) than in those conducted in Eastern countries (24%, 95% CI 14-34%), and the prevalence of SIBO in type 1 diabetes (25%, 95% CI 14%-36%) was not significantly different from that in type 2 diabetes (30%, 95% CI 13%-47%). Subgroup analyses showed that the prevalence of SIBO in diabetes was higher in studies using jejunal aspirate culture for diagnosis (39%, 95% CI 12-66%) than in those using the lactulose breath test (31%, 95% CI 18-43%) or glucose breath test (29%, 95% CI 14-43%). The odds ratio of SIBO in diabetic patients was 2.91 (95% CI 0.82-10.32, p=0.1) compared with controls. The pooled prevalence of SIBO in diabetes was 29% (95% CI 20-39%). The pooled prevalence of SIBO among diabetic patients and the odds ratio of SIBO among diabetic patients compared with controls were calculated.įourteen studies including 1417 diabetic patients and 649 controls met the inclusion criteria. Studies were screened, and relevant data were extracted and analysed.

We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of SIBO in diabetic patients and to determine the association between SIBO and diabetes.Ī comprehensive literature search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases from inception to June 2021 was conducted for studies correlating SIBO with diabetes. This meta-analysis reports a possible association between SIBO and NAFLD in children.

When directly pooling the reported relative risks (RR) from two studies, children with NAFLD had an over 2-fold increased relative risk of developing SIBO (RR = 2.17, 05%CI: 1.66–2.82, P<0.001 I ² = 0.0%, P heterogeneity = 0.837).

Children with SIBO were more likely to have NAFLD (odds ratio = 5.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66–16.68, P<0.001 I ² = 63.5%, P heterogeneity = 0.065). All three studies reported the association between SIBO and NAFLD. Three studies and 205 children were included. The outcome was the association between SIBO and NAFLD. The electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies published before April 22, 2021. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the association between SIBO and NAFLD in children. It has been suggested that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) could cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but this association was not examined in children by meta-analysis.